Reconstruction of the phylogeny of Anopheles sp. Based on the Cytochrome Oxidase Sub Unit 1 (CO1) gene in the Minahasa Peninsula, North Sulawesi

Abstract

Indonesia is a country with the highest malaria cases in the world. North Sulawesi is known as one of the malaria endemic areas in Indonesia. Malaria can only be transmitted through the bite of the Anopheles sp. Thus, the high case of malaria infection in an area is linear with the high population of Anopheles sp. The identification method to the species level that has high accuracy is by molecular identification using the cytochrome oxidase sub unit 1 (CO1) gene. Based on the CO1 gene, the mitochondrial DNA of Anopheles sp from Tombatu was 92% similar to Anopheles maculatus [KT382822.1] from China. Anopheles sp from Ratahan based on the CO1 gene has a similarity level of 80% with Anopheles barbirostris [KM610029.1] from China. Anopheles sp from Pineleng has a 77% similarity with Anopheles aquasalis [AF417697.1] from Brazil. The CO1 gene sequences of Anopheles sp from Southeast Minahasa (Tombatu and Ratahan), and Anopheles sp from Minahasa (Pineleng) had a nitrogen base size difference of more than 6%. Thus, the variation of the Anopheles sp CO1 gene is relatively high compared to similar sequences that have been recorded on the NCBI gene bank site.