Pathophysiologic Mechanism of Erythrocyte Morphological Alteration in Freshwater Fish Channa punctatus Under Exposure of Nigrosine Black (Acid Black-2 a Tanning Industry Dye)

Abstract

The present study deals with the pathophysiological effects of Nigrosine black on the morphology of fish's erythrocyte. An exposure of 1/5th LC50 of Nigrosine black (378 mg/liter) was produced abnormal morphology in fish blood erythrocytes. After 14 days toxicant produced a spherical shape of erythrocyte with cytoplasmic vacuolation around the periphery of the cytoplasmic membrane of erythrocytes. After the third-week cytoplasmic vacuolation was appear around the lateral side of the nucleus. After the 35th day of the experiment, cytoplasmic vacuolation increased around the nucleus, while in a few erythrocytes, nuclei also showed their acentric condition. Chronic toxicity test (1/20th of LC50 i.e. 94.5 mg/ litter), produced cytoplasmic vacuolation and acentric nucleus condition in fish erythrocyte that enhanced after two weeks. Degeneration and fragmentation of cytoplasmic membrane of erythrocytes appeared after the 4th to 6thweek of the experiment. Schistocytosis has appeared after the 60th day of the experiment along with a few ghost nucleuses. Pathophysiological condition of erythrocytes showed that it may produce alteration in cytoskeleton protein formation, disturbance in ion transport, gas transport, immune responses, deficiency of G6PD, increased lipid peroxide formation, altered ion permeability of cell membrane, and failure of tubulin polymerization in fishes.